Talks at the Yanan Conference on Literature and Art äâ¸âã¦â€â€¡
Chairman Mao Zedong and others at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Fine art including Chen Xuezhao (5th from the left in the third row)
The Yan'an Forum on Literature and Fine art (simplified Chinese: 延安文艺座谈会; traditional Chinese: 延安文藝座談會; pinyin: Yán'ān Wén Yì Zuòtánhuì ) was a May 1942 forum held at the city of Yan'an in Communist-controlled Communist china and significant event in the Yan'an Rectification Motion. It is nearly notable for the speeches given by Mao Zedong, after edited and published every bit Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Fine art (Chinese: 在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话; pinyin: Zài Yán'ān Wén Yì Zuòtánhuì shàng de Jiǎnghuà ) which dealt with the role of literature and art in the country. The 2 chief points were that (1) all art should reflect the life of the working class and consider them as an audience, and (2) that art should serve politics, and specifically the advancement of socialism. The excesses of the latter signal during the Cultural Revolution led to current Party policy rejecting that signal, but retaining Mao'due south encouragement of peasant-focused art and literature.
Background [edit]
During the Long March (1934-1935), the Communist Party and People's Liberation Army used song, drama, and trip the light fantastic toe to entreatment to the noncombatant population, but did not accept a unified cultural policy. For three years later on the outbreak of the 2d Sino-Japanese State of war in 1937, the principal bulletin of the Communist art organizations, such as the Chinese People'due south Anti-Japanese Drama Society, was to "oppose Japan" ( 反日 , fǎnrì) or "resist Japan" ( 抗日 , kàngrì). In 1938, the Party established the Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts in Yan'an (Yenan), which was to railroad train people in literature, music, fine arts, and drama.[i]
In 1940, Mao issued a policy statement in his tract, "On New Democracy": "The content of Cathay's new civilisation at the present stage is... the anti-imperialist anti-feudal new republic of the popular masses led by the culture and thought of the proletariat". During the Yan'an Rectification Motion (1942-1944), the Political party used various methods to consolidate ideological unity amongst cadres around Maoism (every bit opposed to Soviet-mode Marxism–Leninism). The firsthand spur to the Yan'an talks was a asking past a concerned writer for Mao Zedong to clarify the ambiguous office of intellectuals in the Communist move.[i] Thus began a 3-week briefing at the Lu Xun Academy almost the objectives of and methods of creating Communist art.[2]
Content [edit]
The "Yan'an Talks" outlined the political party'due south policy on "mass culture" (Chinese: 群众文化; pinyin: qúnzhòng wénhuà ) in China, which was to exist "revolutionary civilisation" (Chinese: 革命文化; pinyin: gémìng wénhuà ). This revolutionary style of art would portray the lives of peasants and be directed towards them every bit an audience.[3] Mao scolded artists for neglecting "The cadres, political party workers of all types, fighters in the army, workers in the factories and peasants in the villages" equally audiences, just considering they were illiterate. He was particularly disquisitional of Chinese opera equally a ladylike art grade, rather than i directed towards the masses. However, he encouraged artists to describe from Mainland china's artistic legacy besides as international fine art forms in social club to farther socialism.[ii] Mao also encouraged literary people to transform themselves by living in the countryside,[ane] and to study the popular music and folk culture of the areas, incorporating both into their works.[2]
Legacy [edit]
An firsthand change in Chinese music that resulted from the Yan'an Talks was the growth in respectability of folk styles.[2] Fundamental quotations from "Yan'an Talks" form the basis of the section on "Culture and Art" in the Maoist text Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong.[4] The Gang of Four's dramatic estimation of the Yan'an Talks during the Cultural Revolution led to a new Party-sanctioned class of political art, revolutionary opera. Conversely, certain forms of fine art, such equally the works of Beethoven, Respighi, Dvorak, and Chopin, were condemned in Party papers equally "bourgeois decadence".[2] After the decease of Mao and the ascent of reformist leaders like Deng Xiaoping, who condemned the Cultural Revolution, the Yan'an talks were officially reevaluated. In 1982, the Party declared that Mao'southward doctrine that "literature and art are subordinate to politics" was an "incorrect conception", merely it reaffirmed his main points near fine art needing to reflect the reality of the workers and peasantry.[5]
See besides [edit]
- Socialist realism
- Red Detachment of Women
Notes [edit]
- ^ a b c Judd, Ellen. "Prelude to the "Yan'an Talks": Problems in Transforming a Literary Intelligentsia". Modern People's republic of china: 377–408.
- ^ a b c d e Perris, Arnold (January 1983). "Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of Cathay". Ethnomusicology. 27 (one): 1–28. doi:10.2307/850880. JSTOR 850880.
- ^ Liu, Kang (2000). "Popular Civilization and the Culture of the Masses in Contemporary China". In Dirlik, Arif; Zhang, Xudong (eds.). Postmodernism and China. Duke Academy Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN0-8223-8022-6.
- ^ Mao, Tse-tung (1967). Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung . New York: Runted. pp. 172–four.
- ^ MacKerras, Colin (1983). Chinese Theatre: From Its Origins to the Present Twenty-four hour period . University of Hawaii Press. pp. 170–171.
Further reading [edit]
- McDougall, Bonnie. (1980). Mao Zedong's "Talks at the Yan'an Conference on Literature and Art": A Translation of the 1943 Text with Commentary. Academy of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780892640393
External links [edit]
- Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art (May two, 1942) at the Marxist Internet Archive
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an_Forum
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